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Gait Dysfunctions Physiotherapy



A man uses a hands-free harness walking gait training device during a physiotherapy gait session

Gait dysfunctions are changes in your normal walking pattern, which is typically caused/related to a disease or abnormality in different areas of the body.

Gait dysfunctions are among the most common causes of falls in older adults, estimated as the cause for approximately 17% of falls. What our senior physiotherapists do are identifying the root causes of gait dysfunctions, and designing specific physiotherapy gait treatments that restore gait.

What are Gait Dysfunctions?

Gait dysfunctions make the pattern of how you walk (ie, your gait) appear “abnormal."

Most changes in gait are specificly-related to medical conditions. Gait dysfunctions can be related to

  • disorders involving the inner ear
  • nervous system disorders such as Parkinson's disease
  • muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophy
  •  and musculoskeletal abnormalities such as fractures

In many cases, treating the medical condition directly will also directly help normalize the gait pattern.

Common classifications of gait dysfunction include:

  • Anatalgic. This type of gait dysfunction is often caused by bearing weight on a painful leg. It can be related to arthritis or a traumatic injury, and is what many people refer to as a "limp." People with this dysfunction take slow and short steps, and quickly try to shift their weight off of the sore leg, ankle, or foot, and back onto the unaffected leg.

  • Cerebellar Ataxia. This gait dysfunction is often seen in individuals who have a condition of the cerebellum (a region of the brain), drug or alcohol intoxication, multiple sclerosis, or have experienced a stroke. The affected individual will have a wide-based stance (feet wide apart), and display inconsistent and erratic foot placement.

  • Parkinsonian. This type of gait dysfunction is often related to Parkinson’s disease and is characterized by short, shuffled steps.

  • Steppage. This dysfunction occurs in people with "foot drop" (an inability to lift the ankle), which is related to conditions, such as lumbar radiculopathy and neuropathy. Because the ankle will "slap" off of the ground, the individual will often lift the leg higher at the knee and hip, to clear the foot when taking a step.

  • Vestibular Ataxia. This pattern is often related to vertigo (dizziness), Meniere’s disease (an inner-ear condition), and labyrinthitis (a type of inner-ear disorder in 1 ear). It causes people to walk unsteadily, often falling toward 1 side. 

  • Waddling. This pattern often arises from muscular dystrophy and myopathy, and causes individuals to walk on their toes, while swaying side-to-side.

Note: These are only a few of the many possible gait dysfunctions. If you suspect you are walking unusually or differently, contact our senior physiotherapist for a gait assessment.

How Is Gait Dysfunctions Diagnosed?

There are many different strategies and tools that can help our senior physiotherapists diagnose a gait dysfunction - we will ask you questions, such as:

  • When did you notice you were walking differently?
  • Is the problem getting better or worse?
  • Has it resulted in a fall or any additional problems?
  • Are you in pain while you walk?
  • Have there been any recent changes in your medical history, including changes in medications?

We will also conduct certain tests to learn more about your condition. Your assessment may include:

  • Observation. We will ask you to walk back and forth, to observe any abnormalities in your gait pattern. 
  • Gait speed measurements. We will time your walking speed. Studies have shown that complications like falling are related to how fast you walk.
  • Balance tests. We may also assess your balance to determine your risk of falling.
  • Strength and range-of-motion measurements. These tests can help determine whether the dysfunction is due to musculoskeletal limitations. We may utilize tools, such as a goniometer to measure your joint motion, or dynamometer to measure your strength. 
  • Reflex and sensation screenings. These measurements will help us determine whether a neurological (brain or nervous system) condition is present.

how our senior physiotherapists can help

Physiotherapists play a vital role in helping individuals improve their gait.

Our senior physiotherapists will work with you to develop a treatment plan to help address your specific needs and goals. We will design an individualized program to treat your specific condition.

Physiotherapy treatment strategy may include:

Pre-Gait Training

We may begin your treatment by having you perform activities and exercises that will help you understand how to improve your gait, without taking a single step.

These exercises may include simple activities, such as having you stand and lift your leg in place, to more complex strategies like stepping in place and initiating contact with your heel to the ground, prior to other portions of the foot. 

Gait Training

We will help you focus on retraining the way you walk. Because the underlying condition may be vestibular, neurological, or muscular, variations in the training exist. We will design the safest and best training for your specific condition.

Balance and Coordination Training

We may prescribe balance training physiotherapy exercises and activities for you to perform to help stabilize your walking pattern.

Neuromuscular Reeducation

We may employ neuromuscular reeducation techniques to activate any inactive muscle groups that may be affecting your gait.

Bracing or Splinting

If the gait dysfunction is due to significant weakness or paralysis of a ligament, we may teach you how to use adaptive equipment, like a brace or splint, to help you move.



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At the first session, our specialist physiotherapists will carry out a thorough assessment, helping them to select the most appropriate treatment to help you recover as well as provide treatment in the same session.

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